jeudi 29 décembre 2011
Norovirus, patógeno emergente
El norovirus es un virus de la familia de los Caliciviridae. Cuenta con cinco genotipos, de los cuales, los números I, II y IV pueden afectar al organismo humano. El genotipo número III afecta a los rumiantes y el número V, a los ratones. Este virus es una de las causas más frecuentes de gastroenteritis y a menudo se le denomina "virus de la enfermedad de vómitos invernales", ya que las intoxicaciones son más habituales durante el invierno, si bien tampoco es extraño contagiarse durante cualquier época del año.
Norovirus, un patógeno emergente en alimentos | Agromeat
El norovirus es un virus de la familia de los Caliciviridae. Cuenta con cinco genotipos, de los cuales, los números I, II y IV pueden afectar al organismo humano. El genotipo número III afecta a los rumiantes y el número V, a los ratones. Este virus es una de las causas más frecuentes de gastroenteritis y a menudo se le denomina “virus de la enfermedad de vómitos invernales”, ya que las intoxicaciones son más habituales durante el invierno, si bien tampoco es extraño contagiarse durante cualquier época del año. Este virus afecta cada año a varios millones de personas y el contagio se registra, sobre todo, en ambientes cerrados, hospitales, colegios o residencias.
El norovirus se propaga, en su mayoría, de forma muy fácil. Pasa de persona infectada a persona sana por contacto con superficies u objetos contaminados o tras la ingesta de cualquier alimento en este estado. Además, el virus puede sobrevivir varios días en las zonas contaminadas, por lo que las posibilidades de contagio aumentan, y es resistente a los tratamientos físicos y químicos de depuración de aguas residuales, de ahí que las aguas contaminadas sean las responsables de que se propague entre los alimentos, sobre todo, en los vegetales frescos y los moluscos bivalvos.
Hep-A Takes No Holiday | Society | News | ERR
Prior to 2011, incidents of hepatitis A in Estonia were relatively rare, with most cases found among recent immigrants. In 2010, the number of people infected with the disease leveled off at six.
Norovirus aumenta la tasa de gastroenteritis en ancianos
En los ancianos, cada brote notificado de norovirus se asoció con un 26 de gastroenteritis sin especificar en visitas médicas (intervalo de confianza 95% = 17-34), 2,2 de hospitalizaciones por gastroenteritis sin especificar (1.6-2.7), y 0,14 de muertes por gastroenteritis sin especificar (0,08-0,21). Para temporadas de mayor carga de norovirus (2004-2005), estos modelos atribuyeron hasta 3804 gastroenteritis sin especificar en visitas médicas, 318 hospitalizaciones, y 21 muertes en una población total de 2,3 millones de ancianos.
Hospitals step up restrictions as bug outbreak spreads - National News - Independent.ie
Some 45 patients are currently displaying symptoms of the norovirus at Dublin's Beaumont Hospital, with the outbreak now in its third week. And a total of 153 patients and staff have been affected so far.
Kit (ensayos) de Deteccion RT-PCR en virología
Las herramientas en virología
- Kit Norovirus GI
- Kit Norovirus GII
- Kit Hepatitis A
- Kit Hepatitis E
- Kit Enterovirus
- Kit Astrovirus
- Kit Rotavirus
- Kit Sapovirus
- Kit Aichivirus
- Kit Adenovirus 40-41
- Muestras biológicas (sangre, orina, heces, tejidos...)
- Aguas (brutas, de estación depuradora, de consumo, de superficie…)
- Lodos
- Mariscos de concha
- Frutas
- Verduras
- Torundas
- Muestras de superficie y aire
- ...
MSP calls for inquiry into Norovirus outbreak - Airdrie & Coatbridge Advertiser
ELAINE Smith is demanding an inquiry into the recent outbreak of Norovirus at Monklands Hospital.
Contamination à l’hépatite E
Source : France Info
Ange a été victime d’une contamination à l'hépatite E, due à un figatelle acheté dans un supermarché.
Il a subi un préjudice important et souhaite se retourner contre la personne responsable, mais il ne sait pas à qui s’adresser : le magasin, le fabriquant ?
Réponses de Maître Sylvain PONTIER, avocat au barreau de Marseille.
Code Civil 1386-1 et suivants (responsabilité automatique du producteur qui a mis sur le marché un produit contaminé)
Le producteur est responsable du dommage causé par un défaut de son produit, qu'il soit ou non lié par un contrat avec la victime.
Les dispositions du présent titre s'appliquent à la réparation du dommage qui résulte d'une atteinte à la personne.
Elles s'appliquent également à la réparation du dommage supérieur à un montant déterminé par décret, qui résulte d'une atteinte à un bien autre que le produit défectueux lui-même.
Un produit est défectueux au sens du présent titre lorsqu'il n'offre pas la sécurité à laquelle on peut légitimement s'attendre.
Dans l'appréciation de la sécurité à laquelle on peut légitimement s'attendre, il doit être tenu compte de toutes les circonstances et notamment de la présentation du produit, de l'usage qui peut en être raisonnablement attendu et du moment de sa mise en circulation.
Un produit ne peut être considéré comme défectueux par le seul fait qu'un autre, plus perfectionné, a été mis postérieurement en circulation.
Norovirus Outbreak in Linn County
People should wash their hands with warm water for at least 20 seconds and not touch their face with their hands as much as possible,” Peck said.
Other ways to prevent the spread of the virus (norovirus) is getting rid of any food that may have been exposed to it.
Pair endure honeymoon from hell (Norovirus on Cruise Ship)
Like others, they allege they were victims during nine outbreaks of norovirus on the 880-passenger luxury cruise liner Boudicca between October 2009 and April 2010.
Hospital ward closures after 46 outbreaks of suspected norovirus - mirror.co.uk
Its data for England showed that the average number of beds closed per day more than doubled from 720 to 1,545 between the weeks ending December 11 and December 18.
Indian Food Outbreak
“The incident can be attributed to an overall failure in the total system consisting of students, caterer and infrastructure,” states the eight-member committee report.
More on Outbreaks in India :
October 7th, 2011 : http://ceeram.blogspot.com/2011/10/food-poisoning-in-india.html
October 16th, 2011 : http://ceeram.blogspot.com/2011/10/16-irb-personnel-in-hospital-for-food.html
October 3rd, 2011 : http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_food-poisoning-of-students-report-unclear-about-cause_1593603
Winter vomiting bug outbreak at Beaumont - RTÉ News
A statement from the hospital stated the virus is a self-limiting illness, usually lasting between 24 and 48 hours and does not usually require medical treatment.
People with these symptoms should take plenty of fluids and, if they are concerned about them, they should contact their GP.
Lothians’ hospitals show virus a clean pair of hands - Health - Scotsman.com
The infection only causes discomfort and inconvenience among the bulk of the population. But when it hits frail and vulnerable patients, particularly elderly ones, the consequences can be far more serious.
Norovirus outbreak spread to nursing home in Castle Rock | 9news.com
The symptoms are much like stomach flu.
The health department says these outbreaks are common, especially this time of year when people are in closed quarters.
Remedies for diarrhoea
Recommend home remedies for diarrhoea:
•Take homeopathic Arsenicum if you feel you have eaten spoiled food. This will help control the discharge without interfere with the elimination of toxins.
• If you feel weak and have a burning pain in mid-section, take cuprum arsenicosum .
Take four charcoal tablets every hour. This will absorb the toxins from the body.
•Drink blackberry tea for mild diarrhea.
Study Finds Bacteria in Unused Paper Towels
Experts say the findings are probably most important for people in hospital isolation units and those with weakened immune function who need to be extra cautious about contact with germs.
Health Officials Confirm Norovirus Outbreak - WLNS TV 6 Lansing Jackson Michigan News and Weather - WLNS.COM |
Symptoms of norovirus include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramps.
The illness usually begins 24 to 48 hours after exposure and lasts one to two days.
Norovirus outbreak spread to nursing home in Castle Rock | 9news.com
Symptoms of norovirus include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramps.
The illness usually begins 24 to 48 hours after exposure and lasts one to two days.
Sacramento elder care facilities combating norovirus outbreaks - Health and medical - sacbee.com
Symptoms of norovirus include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramps.
The illness usually begins 24 to 48 hours after exposure and lasts one to two days.
Read more here: http://www.sacbee.com/2011/12/28/4148332/sacramento-elder-care-facilities.html#storylink=cpy
Read more here: http://www.sacbee.com/2011/12/28/4148332/sacramento-elder-care-facilities.html#storylink=cpy
Read more here: http://www.sacbee.com/2011/12/28/4148332/sacramento-elder-care-facilities.html#storylink=cpy
Lister wards reopen after outbreak of vomiting bug - News - The Comet
“Levels of norovirus in the community remain high and this continues to pose a risk,” he said.
Disease Outbreak Sickens Over 80 Villagers, 47 Seriously
The outbreak, which started on December 18, has overwhelmed local health officials who scrambled an emergency response team to respond to a rapidly growing number of people falling ill in Hnahthial, Ngailan and Haimual villages.
outbreak of listeriosis linked to whole cantaloupes
Public Health: Norovirus circulating in Washtenaw County
Several outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness have been reported to the health department in the past month.
mercredi 28 décembre 2011
Norovirus downs 40 in Irish hospital
http://www.independent.ie/national-news/winter-vomiting-bug-outbreak-at-hospital-affects-40-2973754.html
mardi 27 décembre 2011
Norovirus Outbreak In Sacramento County - Video - KCRA Sacramento
The highly contagious Norovirus seems to be hitting seniors in Sacramento County hard.
Doctors’ ‘stay away’ warning over winter vomiting bug - Health - Pendle Today
Severe vomiting and or diarrhoea are common symptoms of the illness. It is generally short-lived and most people recover in 12 to 60 hours without treatment other than rest and taking plenty of drinks to replace lost liquids.
Gastro-entérites Aiguës : conduite à tenir
Données sur Gastro-entérites aiguës
Conduite à tenir devant des gastro-entérites aiguës en EHPAD (Haut Conseil de la Santé Publique
http://www.hcsp.fr/docspdf/avisrapports/hcspr20100129_gastro.pdf
Rapport INVS 2008-2009
http://www.invs.sante.fr/surveillance/gastro_enterites/2009_2010/bilan_2008_2009/index.htm
Beware Norovirus epidemic on Crown Princess! | Cruises Forum | Fodor's Travel Talk Forums
Symptoms of norovirus include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramps.
The illness usually begins 24 to 48 hours after exposure and lasts one to two days.
lundi 26 décembre 2011
Midlands hospitals put on norovirus alert « Express & Star
So far this winter there has been only one outbreak at Walsall Manor Hospital which was forced to close ward 16 at the start of this month.
Gestion des Norovirus au centre hospitalier universitaire VAUDOIS
Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire VAUDOIS établit des recommandations pour la prise en charge des épidémies à Norovirus.
NOROVIRUS OUTBREAK: Stomach ailment reported in 5 Iowa counties
Symptoms of norovirus include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramps.
The illness usually begins 24 to 48 hours after exposure and lasts one to two days.
samedi 24 décembre 2011
vendredi 23 décembre 2011
Hepatitis E cases on rise in Mehsana town - The Times of India
There has been an increase in number of patients suffering from Hepatitis E and jaundice in Mehsana town since September.
Norovirus cases 'double in a week' - Telegraph
An alert is issued to the NHS that norovirus is spreading in the community when 4.8 per cent of calls to the hotline are about vomiting and on December 18th the proportion was 4.77 per cent.
Norovirus vomit bug closes 1,545 NHS beds in a week - mirror.co.uk
Noroviruses are tough little devils. Soap isn’t enough. You need a bit of chemistry and it won’t harm to use a disinfectant to wash your hands and kitchen surfaces
Health officials investigate source of norovirus | news10.net
Norovirus is a gastrointestinal illness, commonly referred to as the "cruise ship" virus because it spreads easily in close quarters. The illness is spread by eating food infected with norovirus or by touching contaminated surfaces. It causes symptoms that include nausea, vomiting, dehydration and diarrhea.
Check the Video
Hospital urges community to help limit Norovirus outbreak
Norovirus affects between 600,000 to one million people in the UK every year. It can be a nasty experience for those affected but it is normally a short-lived infection which people will usually recover from within 12 to 60 hours.
Edmonton touché par le norovirus | Alberta | Radio-Canada.ca
Les personnes infectées souffrent souvent de nausées, de diarrhée, de douleurs musculaires et de fièvre. Les symptômes se résorbent habituellement d'eux-mêmes après 48 à 72 heures.
Le virus peut toutefois être débilitant pour les personnes plus jeunes et plus vieilles ainsi que celles dont le système immunitaire est affaibli.
jeudi 22 décembre 2011
Norovirus outbreak in Edmonton
Karyn Mulcahy, Global News : Thursday, December 22, 2011 12:38 PM
http://www.globaltvedmonton.com/ahs+urges+caution+after+norovirus+outbreak/6442547453/story.html
Health unit concerned about norovirus spread - Napanee Guide - Ontario, CA
Norovirus is spread from person to person, hand to hand. It may also occur through the air, or by contact with infected articles, such as clothing or bed linens. It takes 18 to 48 hours to show signs of illness after intial contact with an infected person.
Lister Wards Remain Closed After Suspected Norovirus Outbreak | Local News | News - 106 JACK fm Hertfordshire - the local radio station for Hertfordshire
Latest figures from the Health Protection Agency reveal that cases of Norovirus are 19 per cent higher than at the same time last year, with 35 outbreaks of the virus reported in the past two weeks resulting in the closure of 27 hospital wards across the country.
Read other posted information on Norovirus in the UK :
Forty hospital trusts and 800 patients fall victim to sickness bug in just one week
Warning in hospitals for vomiting bug
Guidelines for the prevention of Norovirus
Level of norovirus in oysters in the UK
Patrons sick with Norovirus
Norovirus outbreak in Gisborne, New Zealand
Staff at the Leighton House Rest Home have closed the doors to visitors, but hope to have them reopened by Christmas Eve.
Read also our previous articles on Norovirus outbreaks in New Zealand :
Norovirus invited at Christmas Party
http://ceeram.blogspot.com/2011/12/norovirus-party-at-christmas.html
Contaminated oysters with Norovirus
http://ceeram.blogspot.com/2011/12/norovirus-outbreak-in-new-zealand.html
mercredi 21 décembre 2011
Possible Hepatitis A Exposures At Goldsboro Restaurant | Eyewitness News 9
Hepatitis A is a liver disease that is spread by eating and drinking items that have been contaminated or come in contact with an infected person.
Killer diseases are on the rise in Plymouth, says new report | This is Plymouth
In Plymouth there are low levels of whooping cough, Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B and Rubella, with less than five cases of each during 2010. Prof Lapthorne said this is a direct result of effective immunisation programmes, isolation and treatment of cases and the identification and treatment of contacts.
Philippines flood toll tops 1 000 | News24
Assistant Health Secretary Eric Tayag warned the crowded conditions could lead to outbreaks of leptospirosis, diarrhoea, cholera, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and dysentery, with children and pregnant women the most vulnerable.
Brote de Hepatitis en La colonia Ruben Jaramillo de Uruapan - YouTube
Brote de Hepatitis en La colonia Ruben Jaramillo de Uruapan">Brote de Hepatitis en La colonia Ruben Jaramillo de Uruapan
Ver la Video
Winter vomiting bug spreads through UK hospitals like wildfire
Norovirus is extremely contagious and is easily passed through person-to-person contact, unwashed hands, touching surfaces and through virus particles carried in the air."
Chase Farm shuts ward after suspected norovirus outbreak (From Enfield Independent)
He added that anyone with the illness should avoid visiting friends and family in hospital until they are symptom-free for at least two days...
Norovirus outbreak at Warwick Hospital | Leamington Observer
The virus spreads rapidly as a result of contact between people. Anyone who has been in contact with, or has had diarrhoea and vomiting within the last 48 hours, will be infectious and should stay away from the hospital, stay at home, and drink plenty of fluids.
mardi 20 décembre 2011
Innocent Mistake? Or Was Nursing Home's Delay In Notifying Health Department Of Norovirus Outbreak Intentional? : Nursing Homes Abuse Blog : Jonathan Rosenfeld's Nursing Homes Abuse Blog : Jonathan Rosenfeld's Nursing Homes Abuse Blog | Lawyer & Attorney : Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers | Bed Sores, Senior Neglect, Elder Abuse, Sexual Abuse: Chicago, Illinois
Norovirus (also referred to as Norwalk Virus) is a gastrointestinal illness that can be easily spread though in-person-contact. Most people infected with norovirus usually recover on their own after letting the illness take it course. However, norovirus can be particularly troublesome for elderly patients with weakened immune systems which put the person at risk for further complications.
ceeram Launches Genotyping Service and Genotyping Kits
Ceeram has developed powerful discriminating tools to attribute a molecular identity card to bacterial pathogens. The genotyping procedure is based on the MLVA technology, a PCR typing method that relies on the polymorphism of tandem repeat regions.
ceeramTools typing kits are easy-to-use and convenient to compare genetic patterns for monitoring bacterial epidemiology. MLVA typing kits and services are available for the following harmful pathogens:
We can set up a discriminating MLVA protocol for each of your bacteria of interest.
Hertfordshire Local News & Hertfordshire Events News | News From Hoddesdon, Broxbourne, Cheshunt, Waltham & Royston | Norovirus outbreak at Lister Hospital
Our first priority, therefore, is always to our patients. In order to prevent them becoming infected with this virus, which can be caught very easily, we’re asking people who have had this illness themselves not to visit friends and relatives in hospital unless at least three days have elapsed since their last symptoms.
Norovirus outbreak at Welland hospital | Bullet News Niagara | Niagara Falls, Welland, Thorold, St Catharines, Fort Erie, Thorold
Noroviruses are a group of viruses that cause gastrointestinal illness. Symptoms are upset stomach, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea, low grade fever, chills and a sore throat. The illness usually begins suddenly and the person may feel very sick. Symptoms last for 24 to 48 hours in a healthy individual, but it can take longer for some people.
105.7 Niagara's EZ Rock :: Norovirus Outbreak at NHS Welland Site :: Local News Courtesy of 610 CKTB
Norovirus begins suddenly and can last anywhere between 24 and 48 hours.
Forty hospital trusts and 800 patients fall victim to sickness bug in just one week | Mail Online
As the virus is so contagious it spreads very quickly in hospitals and entire wards can be affected.
Hospitals’ appeal on vomiting bug risk (From Bradford Telegraph and Argus)
A spokesman for Airedale Hospital near Steeton said no wards were currently affected by norovirus.
Minister warns City to check food safety - Social Issues - VietNam News
Most businesses in these places served their workers ready-made meals that were not of good quality or even hot, leading to mass food poisoning, he said.
Norovirus outbreak at hospital - News - Bourne Local
"If you have had norovirus you will still be infectious for 48 hours afterwards, which is why it is vital you do not visit the hospital during this time."
Cryptosporidium infection in a veal calf cohort in France: molecular characterization of species in a longitudinal study
Cryptosporidium infection in a veal calf cohort in France:
molecular characterization of species in a longitudinal study
Jerome Follet, Karine Guyot, Helene Leruste, Anne Follet-Dumoulin, Ourida Hammouma-Ghelboun, Gabriela Certad, Eduardo Dei-Cas and Patrice Halama
Read the complete article
lundi 19 décembre 2011
Hepatitis A in North America | GIDEON - Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network
Hepatitis A in North America
Notwithstanding a recent series of outbreaks, rates of Hepatitis A in Mexico have changed little since 1984, and remain similar to those reported in the United States during the 1960′s and 1970′s (see graph). [1-3]
Check the graph...
Norovirus outbreak at 35 hospitals closes dozens of wards - Telegraph
Norovirus is extremely contagious and can be lethal to the elderly, very young or very sick patients...
Sixth norovirus outbreak reported in 16 days | outbreak, health, received - Colorado Springs Gazette, CO
Though the virus is more common in the winter, health officials said that an unusually high number of people have been sickened recently from the intestinal disease...
Barrie's Hit Music, B101 NOROVIRUS OUTBREAK AT ORILLIA HOSPITAL B101FM Local News
There's a Norovirus outbreak at Orillia's Soldiers Memorial Hospital...
Health Department: Food safety important over holidays - Carroll County Times: Health
After the food has been cooked, if it is not immediately served, it needs to be held above 135 degrees. This can be done in an oven, in buffet trays on top of sterno heaters, or in slow cookers...
HealthWatch: CDC warns of Norovirus | WRBL
“Significant nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and most of the time this will go away on its own,” says Dr. Schoenborn.
Norovirus is highly contagious. It flourishes during the cooler months...
Watch the Video
Dozens of hospital wards closed over fears of norovirus outbreak - Telegraph
The winter vomiting bug, or norovirus, is extremely contagious and can be lethal to the elderly, very young or very sick patients.
People who have been ill are being asked not to visit friends and relatives in hospital until they are well.
Health bosses issue warning over winter vomiting bug Novovirus | Macclesfield Express - menmedia.co.uk
Norovirus is normally a short-lived infection which most people recover from in 12 to 60 hours.
With symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhoea it can be a nasty experience for those affected by it.
samedi 17 décembre 2011
Norovirus outbreak in Japan
Staff at Nuclear plant in Japan contaminated with norovirus
vendredi 16 décembre 2011
Outbreaks of illness on cruise ships at multiyear low - USATODAY.com
Of the 11 outbreaks, four have been on ships operated by Princess Cruises, which struggled earlier this year with a string of norovirus outbreaks on the 2,000-passenger Sea Princess.
Marler Clark Law Firm Uncovers Distributor in Schnucks E. coli Outbreak : Food Poison Journal : Food Poisoning Lawyer & Attorney : Bill Marler : Marler Clark
“Civil litigation is a good tool for improving food safety,” Marler added. “Companies shouldn’t wait until they’re sued to evaluate the food safety systems of their suppliers and make sure products can be traced back to the source.”
Ceeram classé dans le Fast 50 de Deloitte Technology / Toutes les actualités / Atlanpole Biotherapies / Atlanpole - Atlanpole
Ceeram S.A.S., leader du diagnostic moléculaire des virus et des parasites, est une entreprises membre du pôle Atlanpole Biotherapies. Elle annonce aujourd'hui son classement au Deloitte Technology Fast 50 récompensant les entreprises technologiques à forte croissance.
jeudi 15 décembre 2011
Norovirus party at christmas celebration
Norovirus outbreak in new zealand following Christmas celebration
More than 1000 food poisoned in Japan
More than 1000 food poisoned in Japan
Norovirus outbreak in New Zealand linked to cooked and raw oysters
Raw and cooked oysters at the origin of contamination with norovirus
Typing Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Typing Pseudomonas aeruginosa | | | |
Overview of P. aeruginosa
What is Bacterial Typing?
Why typing P. aeruginosa
- Identify and trace outbreaks in a real time from a single or a multiple source.
- Check if a medical device is the source of a contamination to implement hygiene measures.v
- Distinguish recurrence and reinfection in a chronic patient to determine the source of infection.
- Check if the hospital water network is the source of contamination to characterize the outbreak (nosocomial or community-acquired).
- Show evidence of cross-infections between patients to control the outbreak.
- Emphasize the emergence of virulent strains/clones (Lesb, PAO1, PA14,…)
- Study P. aeruginosa epidemiology to know its evolution and evaluate emergence conditions.
MLVA, a powerful typing method
Multi Locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) is a PCR based typing method that relies on the inherent variability found in many regions of repetitive DNA called VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeat) which represent sources of genetic polymorphism. The MLVA assay for P. aeruginosa examines 16 loci. Thus, each isolate is defined by a 16-digit numeric code corresponding to the number of repeats at each VNTR.Genotyping Kit
Efficient amplification of the 16 markers in 2 multiplex PCRs. Required equipment: ABI sequencer to analyze the amplicons. The typing data is managed by GeneMapper (defaultly linked with ABI sequencers) to obtain the numeric code. Ceeram provides specific and adapted training sessions to help the implementation of bacterial typing in your lab.
Ceeram Solution : Service
Our Expertise Department has an automatized and standardized genotyping platform at disposal. The procedure involves three steps:
- Samples receipt (DNA or colonies on plates)
- MLVA genotyping and
- Analysis report (isolates relatedness).
Download our brochure
Keywords : genotyping P. aeruginosa, genotyping Pseudomonas, Genotyping yeast, genotyping mould, genotyping bacteria


