mardi 31 janvier 2012
New industry code to reduce food poisoning :: FoodProcessing
The Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association (AEPMA) coordinated the preparation and review of the existing code of practice. Foodborne illnesses are the cause of over 2 million lost work days each year and result in 18,000 people being sent to hospital. Tragically, 120 people die each year from foodborne illnesses, according to AEPMA President David Gay.
Winter vomiting sickness happens in not-so-cold weather too | barfblog
In 1929 Dr. John Zahorsky wrote about a history of gastrointestinal illness events, which would become norovirus After seeing children develop sporadic cases of vomiting, supplemented by watery diarrhea each year between November and May, over 30 years of clinical practice, he coined the term winter vomiting sickness.
Palo Alto Online : Norovirus outbreak hits Lytton Gardens
A gastrointestinal norovirus outbreak that began early in January closed some sections of Lytton Gardens, the senior-living center in downtown Palo Alto, Amy Cornell, Santa Clara County Department of Public Health information officer, said Monday (Jan. 30).
Norovirus is the leading cause of infection outbreaks in US hospitals
Norovirus, a pathogen that often causes food poisoning and gastroenteritis, was responsible for 18.2 percent of all infection outbreaks and 65 percent of ward closures in U.S. hospitals during a two-year period, according to a new study published in the February issue of the American Journal of Infection Control (AJIC), the official publication of APIC - the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology.
lundi 30 janvier 2012
Vomiting bug infections more than double last year’s rate · TheJournal.ie
A report from the Health Protection Surveillance Centre, obtained by the Medical Independent, found that there were 92 cases of the illness recorded in the first week of this year – compared to just 37 a year ago.
Norovirus outbreaks cropping up - LivewellNebraska.com
Registered nurse Kathy Boroff said she suspects the norovirus swept through Remington Heights Retirement Community in Omaha last week, though no one was tested. Because it is a short-term bug, most people do not see a doctor. If they do, doctors rarely test for it because the treatment for norovirus is no different from the treatment for other gastrointestinal illnesses.
Norovirus fears at hospital as bug forces ward closure | This is Tamworth
"I can confirm that there was an outbreak of diarrhoea and vomiting at Sir Robert Peel Community Hospital that affected a handful of patients over the weekend.
Virus warning (norovirus)
Health chiefs are warning people to stay away from the hospital following the outbreak of norovirus, which can be deadly in some cases.
Addenbrooke's Hospital Grapples With Norovirus Cases | French Tribune
There is need for people to maintain a level of hygiene to keep the risk of norovius away. Moreover, people are being advised to remain vigilant to the symptoms of the disease so that it could be attended in the best possible manner. However, authorities have assured that they would be adopting all possible steps to keep the rising cases of norovius under control.
Norovirus Strikes Mid-Michigan School
The Health Department has the following advice to help prevent the spread of norovirus gastroenteritis:
- Use chlorine bleach-based cleaners to disinfect surfaces contaminated with vomit or diarrhea. Contaminated carpet or upholstered furniture needs steam cleaning.
- In case of vomit, clean within a 25 foot radius as vomiting may spread the virus through the air to surfaces where it can survive for at least 3 weeks
- Do not prepare food for others for 72 hours after symptoms end
- Do not return to school or work until symptoms have stopped and preferably 48 hours after the last episode of vomiting or loose stools.
Cancelled urgent operations rise by a fifth - Telegraph
A spokesman for Cambridge University Hospitals said: "We are currently facing intense pressure due to a number of factors, including delayed transfers of care, increasing demand for beds and norovirus."
How to avoid getting hepatitis on your holiday
What is hepatitis?
Hepatitis is a serious liver disease. There are two strains travellers need to worry about: A and B. The former is passed through contaminated food or water while the latter is transmitted through blood, saliva and seminal fluids.
Hospital ward closes after norovirus outbreak - Health - Bury Free Press
Nichole Day, executive chief nurse at West Suffolk Hospital, said: “Norovirus is very infectious and every year there are cases in the community which transfer to the hospital. Because the virus has an incubation period of several days, people are often unaware that they are carrying it until after they have passed it on.
Norovirus outbreak tracked to long term care facility | Eyewitness News 9
The Health Department says there's a norovirus outbreak in Pitt County.
vendredi 27 janvier 2012
Laboratory reports of hepatitis A (Wales and England)
Laboratory reports of hepatitis A (and C) in England and Wales (July-September 2011)
In the third quarter of 2011 (July to September) there were a total of 72 laboratory reports of hepatitis A virus reported to the Health Protection Agency. This constituted a 41.1% increase on the previous quarter (n=51), and a 27.2% decrease on the same quarter of 2010 (n=99).
FDA to inspect Pattaya school cafeterias to improve food, water quality - Pattaya Mail - Pattaya News, Communities, Opinions and much more...
As part of the Consumer Protection and Development of Clean Food and Drinking Water in Schools Project, FDA staffers will evaluate city school cafeterias, advise how to solve sanitary problems and educate school administrators on how to comply with Health Ministry standards on food and drinking water
Administration warns of possible norovirus outbreak
This is not the first time Tufts has dealt with a possible gastroenteritis outbreak. In February 2007 the administration sent a similar email when college campuses across the Boston area saw a significant rise in cases.
Norovirus Outbreak Continues To Spread In Iowa
Norovirus infection is highly contagious and it causes acute gastroenteritis. Its symptoms usually include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and stomach cramping. There is neither a vaccine to prevent norovirus infection nor a specific drug to treat people with norovirus illness. More more than 20 million gastroenteritis cases are caused by norovirus each year in the U.S., according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC.
Bob Chinns Crab House Norovirus Outbreak | Food Poisoning Lawyers | Marler Clark
Source : Marler CLark
Wheeling, Illinois Norovirus Outbreak
Cook County health officials have reported that 146 people have become sickened with norovirus after eating at Bob Chinn’s Crab House in Wheeling, Illinois. Bob Chinn’s which advertises itself as the nation’s fourth busiest restaurant, closed January 10, 2012 after receiving numerous complaints from customers who said they had become ill after eating at the restaurant.
Norovirus Outbreak Confirmed At Pitt County Facility
Norovirus is usually a mild illness that begins suddenly and causes symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and sometimes low-grade fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and tiredness.
NOROVIRUS LATEST: Five wards closed at Addenbrooke’s and a further three affected - News - Cambs Times
A spokesman for Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust said: “We are currently facing intense pressure due to a number of factors, including delayed transfers of care, increasing demand for beds and norovirus.
jeudi 26 janvier 2012
Legislation would ease dairy rules | Concord Monitor
The Centers for Disease Control estimated in 2011 that 48 million Americans - one in six - suffers from food poisoning annually. Of them, 128,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 die.
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PCR assays for virus detection (virus tests)
Real Time RT-PCR detection and identification of pathogenic viruses (human health- IVD CE)
- Norovirus GI (more on NOROVIRUS GI assay)
- Norovirus GII (More on NOROVIRUS GII assay)
- Hepatitis A (More on HEPATITIS A assay)
- Hepatitis E
- Enterovirus
- Astrovirus
- Rotavirus
- Sapovirus
- Aïchi virus
- Adenovirus 40-41
Analysable matrices :
- Biological samples (blood, urine, stools, tissue, etc.)
- Water (raw water, sewer water, drinking water, surface water, etc.)
- Mud, Sludge
- Shells, Shellfish
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Swabs
- Surface and air samples
Norovirus outbreak at Royal Gardens - Peterborough Examiner - Ontario, CA
Simon Lee, a public health inspector with the Peterborough County-City Health Unit, said restrictions like this one should stay in place until the facility goes five days without a new case of norovirus.
Dozens of Quebec vacationers show signs of norovirus
The Public Health Agency of Canada has notified Cuban officials of the illnesses and Cuban officials are trying to determine whether there is an outbreak of a specific virus, agency spokesperson Sylwia Gomes said.
Explaining the Norovirus - The Cornwall Standard Freeholder - Ontario, CA
Norovirus is highly infectious and tends to occur in clusters, or “outbreaks”. It spreads from one person to another through direct or indirect contact with infected feces or vomit.
More rarely, it can also be transmitted by drinking water, which contains the virus, or by eating food contaminated by this virus.
___________________
CEERAM Virology tools | | | |
PCR assays for virus detection (virus tests)
Real Time RT-PCR detection and identification of pathogenic viruses (human health- IVD CE)
- Norovirus GI (more on NOROVIRUS GI assay)
- Norovirus GII (More on NOROVIRUS GII assay)
- Hepatitis A (More on HEPATITIS A assay)
- Hepatitis E
- Enterovirus
- Astrovirus
- Rotavirus
- Sapovirus
- Aïchi virus
- Adenovirus 40-41
Analysable matrices :
- Biological samples (blood, urine, stools, tissue, etc.)
- Water (raw water, sewer water, drinking water, surface water, etc.)
- Mud, Sludge
- Shells, Shellfish
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Swabs
- Surface and air samples
New outbreak of winter vomiting bug at Dublin hospital · TheJournal.ie
____________________
CEERAM Virology tools | | | |
PCR assays for virus detection (virus tests)
Real Time RT-PCR detection and identification of pathogenic viruses (human health- IVD CE)
- Norovirus GI (more on NOROVIRUS GI assay)
- Norovirus GII (More on NOROVIRUS GII assay)
- Hepatitis A (More on HEPATITIS A assay)
- Hepatitis E
- Enterovirus
- Astrovirus
- Rotavirus
- Sapovirus
- Aïchi virus
- Adenovirus 40-41
Analysable matrices :
- Biological samples (blood, urine, stools, tissue, etc.)
- Water (raw water, sewer water, drinking water, surface water, etc.)
- Mud, Sludge
- Shells, Shellfish
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Swabs
- Surface and air samples
Unprecendented levels of antibiotic resistant bacteria found on pork products
The methicillin-resistant bacteria were also tested for their resistance to 10 other types of antibiotics commonly used to treat humans.Sixty-five percent were resistant to tetracycline, 39 percent were resistant to erythromycin and 35 percent were resistant to clindamycin.
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Genotyping Staphylococcus aureus | | | |
Overview of S. aureus
What is Bacterial Typing?
Why typing L. pneumophila
- Identify and trace outbreaks in a real time from a single or a multiple source.
- Check if a medical device is the source of a contamination to implement hygiene measures.
- Distinguish recurrence and reinfection in a chronic patient to determine the source of infection.
- Show evidence of cross-infections between patients to control the outbreak.
- Determine the source of food contamination (human or animal) as a microbial source tracking tool.
- Emphasize the emergence of virulent strains/clones (CC8, CC45,…)
- Study S. aureus epidemiology to evaluate emergence conditions and seasonal influences on contaminations.
MLVA, a powerful typing method
Multi Locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) is a PCR based typing method that relies on the inherent variability found in many regions of repetitive DNA called VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeat) which represent sources of genetic polymorphism. The MLVA assay for S. aureus examines 16 loci. Thus, each isolate is defined by a 16-digit numeric code corresponding to the number of repeats at each VNTR.
Genotyping Kit
Efficient amplification of the 16 markers in 2 multiplex PCRs. Required equipment: ABI sequencer to analyze the amplicons. The typing data is managed by GeneMapper (defaultly linked with ABI sequencers) to obtain the numeric code. Ceeram provides specific and adapted training sessions to help the implementation of bacterial typing in your lab.
Ceeram Solution : Service
Our Expertise Department has an automatized and standardized genotyping platform at disposal. The procedure involves three steps:
- Samples receipt (DNA or colonies on plates)
- MLVA genotyping and
- Analysis report (isolates relatedness).
Download our brochure
Keywords : typing S. aureus, typing aureus, Genotyping yeast, genotyping mould, genotyping bacteria
mercredi 25 janvier 2012
We are all working hard to manage this outbreak
Genotyping Pseudomonas aeruginosa | | | |
Overview of P. aeruginosa
What is Bacterial Typing?
Why typing P. aeruginosa
- Identify and trace outbreaks in a real time from a single or a multiple source.
- Check if a medical device is the source of a contamination to implement hygiene measures.v
- Distinguish recurrence and reinfection in a chronic patient to determine the source of infection.
- Check if the hospital water network is the source of contamination to characterize the outbreak (nosocomial or community-acquired).
- Show evidence of cross-infections between patients to control the outbreak.
- Emphasize the emergence of virulent strains/clones (Lesb, PAO1, PA14,…)
- Study P. aeruginosa epidemiology to know its evolution and evaluate emergence conditions.
MLVA, a powerful typing method
Multi Locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) is a PCR based typing method that relies on the inherent variability found in many regions of repetitive DNA called VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeat) which represent sources of genetic polymorphism. The MLVA assay for P. aeruginosa examines 16 loci. Thus, each isolate is defined by a 16-digit numeric code corresponding to the number of repeats at each VNTR.Genotyping Kit
Efficient amplification of the 16 markers in 2 multiplex PCRs. Required equipment: ABI sequencer to analyze the amplicons. The typing data is managed by GeneMapper (defaultly linked with ABI sequencers) to obtain the numeric code. Ceeram provides specific and adapted training sessions to help the implementation of bacterial typing in your lab.
Ceeram Solution : Service
Our Expertise Department has an automatized and standardized genotyping platform at disposal. The procedure involves three steps:
- Samples receipt (DNA or colonies on plates)
- MLVA genotyping and
- Analysis report (isolates relatedness).
Download our brochure
Keywords : Typing P. aeruginosa, Typing Pseudomonas, Genotyping yeast, genotyping mould, genotyping bacteria
Baby deaths bug traced to hospital neo-natal unit taps - mirror.co.uk
Genotyping Pseudomonas aeruginosa | | | |
Overview of P. aeruginosa
What is Bacterial Typing?
Why typing P. aeruginosa
- Identify and trace outbreaks in a real time from a single or a multiple source.
- Check if a medical device is the source of a contamination to implement hygiene measures.v
- Distinguish recurrence and reinfection in a chronic patient to determine the source of infection.
- Check if the hospital water network is the source of contamination to characterize the outbreak (nosocomial or community-acquired).
- Show evidence of cross-infections between patients to control the outbreak.
- Emphasize the emergence of virulent strains/clones (Lesb, PAO1, PA14,…)
- Study P. aeruginosa epidemiology to know its evolution and evaluate emergence conditions.
MLVA, a powerful typing method
Multi Locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) is a PCR based typing method that relies on the inherent variability found in many regions of repetitive DNA called VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeat) which represent sources of genetic polymorphism. The MLVA assay for P. aeruginosa examines 16 loci. Thus, each isolate is defined by a 16-digit numeric code corresponding to the number of repeats at each VNTR.Genotyping Kit
Efficient amplification of the 16 markers in 2 multiplex PCRs. Required equipment: ABI sequencer to analyze the amplicons. The typing data is managed by GeneMapper (defaultly linked with ABI sequencers) to obtain the numeric code. Ceeram provides specific and adapted training sessions to help the implementation of bacterial typing in your lab.
Ceeram Solution : Service
Our Expertise Department has an automatized and standardized genotyping platform at disposal. The procedure involves three steps:
- Samples receipt (DNA or colonies on plates)
- MLVA genotyping and
- Analysis report (isolates relatedness).
Download our brochure
Keywords : Typing P. aeruginosa, Typing Pseudomonas, Genotyping yeast, genotyping mould, genotyping bacteria
Son of French President is hospitalized with food poisoning in Odessa : Ukraine News by UNIAN
Son of President of France Nicolas Sarkozy Pierre Sarkozy, who arrived in Odessa, was hospitalized with indications of food poisoning in Oblast hospital today.
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Is it Norovirus?
Camden residents urged to report cases of food sickness - Health - News - Macarthur Chronicle Camden Edition
RESIDENTS in the Camden area who fell ill due to dodgy food over the festive season have been urged to make a complaint to the NSW Food Authority. Primary Industries Minister Katrina Hodgkinson said residents who suffered food poisoning at a cafe of restaurant could report the incident to the council while other food-related complaints could be made to the authority. “Food complaints can provide important information about risks in particular food businesses or food products so it is vital that bad food experiences are reported to prevent sickness from spreading,” Ms Hodgkinson said.
Norovirus closes 4 wards
Norovirus is highly contagious and is transmitted by contact with an infected person, by consuming contaminated food, or by contact with contaminated surfaces or objects.
Norovirus downs 29 Patients
Read more : http://www.elmbridgetoday.co.uk/News/Norovirus_hits_beds_Epsom_Hospital_0000001690.aspx
BBC News - Norovirus closes Addenbrooke's wards and restricts visitors
He added: "If you think you have norovirus, or if anyone else in your household is affected, then please do not visit hospital until at least 48 hours after your symptoms have disappeared."
More say they got gastro from lake | Lismore News | Local News in Lismore | Northern Star
When the children recovered, the family returned to the lake on December 29, but hours later Ms Lake's son also started vomiting.
"If we had known there was even a remote chance these kids were sick because of the lake there is no way we would have taken them back for a repeat performance," Ms Lake said.
Last week Ballina Shire Council notified North Coast Public Health of complaints that people believed they had become ill after swimming in the lake in early January.
Council's Regulatory Services group manager Rod Willis said waterways contained more nutrients after rain.
"We do caution people not to swim within three days of heavy rain, and that applies to people swimming in beaches, estuaries and Lake Ainsworth."
Cuban family vacation ruined by fast-spreading stomach bug | CTV Montreal
The norovirus is one of the worst of those afflictions and he believes it's just that which forced a Montreal wedding group to spend its holiday in Cuba suffering extreme pain and digestive discomfort.
Norovirus Outbreaks Increasing In Iowa - Des Moines News Story - KCCI Des Moines
"With this virus in our communities and because it is so easy to spread, we need everybody to stay home when they are ill with diarrhea and vomiting," said IDPH Medical Director, Dr. Patricia Quinlisk. "There’s no vaccine and no antibiotics for norovirus. It can spread in food, in the air, by shaking hands and by touching things like door knobs that an ill person has touched. So the only way to stop its spread is for those who are ill to stay home."
Pediatric doctors tell us what to look out for right now
Dr. John Prpich confirms RSV, or respiratory syncytial virus, is indeed on the rise. And these can become dangerous according to Prpich.
"If you see them breathing fast or they seem to be working to breathe, you can see the skin going in around the ribs -- we call that retractions. If they're hearing audible wheezing or the child seems to be breathing very fast the would all be things to make them want to bring them to pediatrician or the ER."
Hospitals must prioritise hygiene - Lifestyle - Enniscourthyguardian.ie
Not for the first time have hospitals come under scrutiny for hygiene standards. Those working within the system will argue that they are working as hard as they can but be that as it may it doesn't take a seven year medical degree to ensure that every corner of every room is spick and span
CAMBS: Norovirus outbreak affects eight wards in Addenbrooke’s Hospital - Latest News - Hunts Post
Deputy chief nurse at Addenbrooke’s Lisa Knight said: “We hope people understand that the reason we are putting these restrictions in place is to help protect our patients by stopping the spread of this virus.
Senior care facility reopens after norovirus outbreak in San Rafael | abc7news.com
Seventeen cases of the norovirus also were reported at a preschool in Marin County beginning Jan. 13, Cronan said. It affected 16 children and an adult and the school is closed today, Cronan said. Cronan would not identify the school.
Norovirus Outbreak Continues To Spread In Iowa - NASDAQ.com
Norovirus infection is highly contagious and it causes acute gastroenteritis. Its symptoms usually include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and stomach cramping. There is neither a vaccine to prevent norovirus infection nor a specific drug to treat people with norovirus illness. More more than 20 million gastroenteritis cases are caused by norovirus each year in the U.S., according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC.
Deux nouveaux cas d'hépatite A déclarés à Constantine
Sur un autre plan, l'hépatite A (anciennement connue sous le nom d'hépatite infectieuse), est une hépatite virale, une maladie infectieuse aiguë du foie causée par le virus à transmission le plus souvent oro-fécale par des aliments ou de l'eau contaminés. Plusieurs équipes médicales spécialisées ont été mobilisées par la direction de la santé de la wilaya, en coordination avec l'EPSP, et l'alerte reste donnée. Pour rappel, le premier cas d'hépatite A a été découvert fin octobre au niveau de la ville de Didouche Mourad.
mardi 24 janvier 2012
Hospital Deals With Possible Norovirus Outbreak - Yahoo! Actualités
Lien: http://fr-ca.actualites.yahoo.com/vidéo/manchesterwmur-18211745/hospital-deals-with-possible-norovirus-outbreak-27967336.html
State health officials say a hospital in Peterborough closed some of its entrances and handed out face masks after some patients and staff started showing symptoms of the norovirus
lundi 23 janvier 2012
MRSA in Conventional and Alternative Retail Pork Products
Genotyping Staphylococcus aureus | | | |
Overview of S. aureus
What is Bacterial Typing?
Why typing L. pneumophila
- Identify and trace outbreaks in a real time from a single or a multiple source.
- Check if a medical device is the source of a contamination to implement hygiene measures.
- Distinguish recurrence and reinfection in a chronic patient to determine the source of infection.
- Show evidence of cross-infections between patients to control the outbreak.
- Determine the source of food contamination (human or animal) as a microbial source tracking tool.
- Emphasize the emergence of virulent strains/clones (CC8, CC45,…)
- Study S. aureus epidemiology to evaluate emergence conditions and seasonal influences on contaminations.
MLVA, a powerful typing method
Multi Locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA) is a PCR based typing method that relies on the inherent variability found in many regions of repetitive DNA called VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeat) which represent sources of genetic polymorphism. The MLVA assay for S. aureus examines 16 loci. Thus, each isolate is defined by a 16-digit numeric code corresponding to the number of repeats at each VNTR.
Genotyping Kit
Efficient amplification of the 16 markers in 2 multiplex PCRs. Required equipment: ABI sequencer to analyze the amplicons. The typing data is managed by GeneMapper (defaultly linked with ABI sequencers) to obtain the numeric code. Ceeram provides specific and adapted training sessions to help the implementation of bacterial typing in your lab.
Ceeram Solution : Service
Our Expertise Department has an automatized and standardized genotyping platform at disposal. The procedure involves three steps:
- Samples receipt (DNA or colonies on plates)
- MLVA genotyping and
- Analysis report (isolates relatedness).
http://www.ceeram.com/images/stories/site_ANG/mlva-s-aureus-food.pdf
Norovirus outbreak at Fairfield nursing home sickens 27 | Daily Republic
The most common symptoms of norovirus, sometimes called the “cruise ship” flu, are diarrhea, vomiting and stomach pain. It is spread from person to person through touching contaminated surfaces or through contaminated food or water, Davidson said. The sickness can last for up to 48 hours, she said.
Falklands Blames Cruise Ship Ban On Norovirus - Princess Cruises
The ship had been allowed into ports in Chile and Argentina prior to arriving at Port Stanley. Argentina's foreign ministry issued a statement saying it hoped the decision was not "only the latest hostile act against tourists of various nationalities, including Argentine citizens who have the simple desire and hope of getting to see the Malvinas Islands."
47,114 casualties registered last year | Kuwait Times
At least 12,632 cases food poisoning related cases where recorded.
EFSA - Scientific Opinion of the BIOHAZ Panel: Norovirus in oysters
NoV is highly infectious, and there is no threshold infectivity limit for NoV detected by PCR. The probability of becoming infected increases with the dose but depends also on the characteristics of the organism, the food matrix and the host factors. The relationship between the number of infectious virus particles and the number of virus genome copies detected by quantitative PCR is not a constant, and it is important to realise that the infectious risk associated with low level positive oysters as determined by real-time PCR may be overestimated.
Quantitative data on viral load from areas compliant with current EU legislative requirements (E. coli standards) during January-March 2010 in 3 selected member states, show that a viral limit of 100, 200, 500, 1000 or 10.000 NoV PCR copies would result in 33.6-88.9%, 24.4-83.3%, 10.0-72.2%, 7.7-44.4% or 0-11.1% of non-compliant batches, respectively. Compliance with any of the above NoV limits would reduce the number of contaminated oysters placed on the market and therefore the risk for consumers to become infected. It is currently not possible to quantify the public health impact of different limits.
Microbiological criteria for NoV in oysters are useful for validation and verification of HACCP-based processes and procedures, and can also be used by competent authorities as an additional control to improve risk management in production areas, during processing and retail. The Panel recommended that risk managers should consider establishing an acceptable limit for NoV in oysters to be harvested and placed on the market. NoV testing of oysters (standardized CEN method) should be used to verify compliance with the acceptable NoV limit established.
The most effective public health measure to control human NoV infection from oyster consumption is to produce oysters from areas which are not faecally contaminated, particularly given the ineffectiveness of current depuration and relaying procedures.
© European Food Safety Authority, 2012
Vomiting bug concerns at two Neath Port Talbot hospitals sparks chiefs' plea | This is South Wales
The Norovirus outbreak has already forced them to close one ward at the hospital, while part of Tonna Hospital is still off limits.
Norovirus outbreak at hospital - The Whig Standard - Ontario, CA
As early as Tuesday, the hospital had a number of patients showing symptoms of the virus, said Maurio Ruffolo, vice-president of patient and client care at St. Mary’s.
YCH works to control outbreak (of norovirus)
Outbreaks of the norovirus are not uncommon in settings where people are closely grouped together for long periods of time, such as hospitals, retirement homes and cruise ships, the hospital said in a media release.
vendredi 20 janvier 2012
Dozens at Lake Forest Place hit by virus - Lake Forester
Lake Forest Place is treating 50 residents and employees for a norovirus outbreak that occurred over the weekend, a nursing home spokeswoman confirmed.
jeudi 19 janvier 2012
Class-action lawsuit filed against Great Escape over 2008 norovirus outbreak
Attorneys representing more than 100 people filed a class-action lawsuit Wednesday in state Supreme Court in Warren County against the Six Flags Great Escape Lodge & Indoor Waterpark over a 2008 norovirus outbreak.
The state Department of Health documented more than 600 cases of norovirus in March 2008, apparently stemming from contaminated food and pool water at the park's hotel complex.
Outbreak of vomit virus shuts 8 hospital wards
Wards two, four, five, six, seven, nine, the High Dependency Unit and the Medical Assessment Unit at Furness General Hospital have been closed after the norovirus struck.
mercredi 18 janvier 2012
Update on cluster of Norovirus cases in Siu Lam Hospital
One more 57-year-old male patient and one more staff member in the ward presented with diarrhoea or vomiting symptoms. Appropriate viral tests were arranged for the patient and the test results were positive for Norovirus. The patient concerned has been transferred to Tuen Mun Hospital for treatment under isolation and is in stable condition. The staff member is currently on sick leave.
Norovirus outbreak under close watch at elderly home
Officers of the CHP have visited the institution on multiple occasions and provided health advice to staff on proper disinfection, disposal of vomitus and faecal matter, as well as personal and food hygiene. Another visit to the institution, together with the Social Welfare Department, was conducted today (January 18) to reinforce the infection control measures.
Last of conference delegates to encounter norovirus leave Victoria
Vancouver Island Health Authority was not able to identify the source of the outbreak, but hotel staff were the last to get sick.
El autocontrol en los establecimientos alimentarios
Guia para la aplicacion del autocontrol basado en el Sistema de Analisis de Peligros y Puntos de Control Critico
Agencia Catalana de Seguritat Alimentaria
Guia para el diseño y la aplicacion de un Sistema de APPCC
Creacion del equipo de trabajo de APPCC
Descripcion de las actividades y de los productos
Elaboracion del diagrama de flujo
Analisis de peligros y determinacion de las medidas preventivas.
Determinacion de los puntos de control critico (PCC)
Establecimiento de limites criticos para cada PCC
Establecimiento de un sistema de vigilancia para cada PCC
Adopcion de medidas correctoras
Comprobacion del sistema
Establecimiento de un sistema de documentacion y registro
GUIA PARA EL DISENO Y LA APLICACION DE PLANES DE PRERREQUISITOS
Plan de Control del Agua
Plan de Limpieza y Desinfeccion
Plan de Control de Plagas y Otros Animales Indeseables
Plan de Formacion y Capacitación del Personal en Seguridad Alimentaria
Plan de Control de Proveedores
Plan de Trazabilidad
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mardi 17 janvier 2012
Norovirus Outbreak Leads To Bournemouth Hospital Ward Closures
The problems make the hospital one of the latest across the UK to be affected by such an illness outbreak and the reports in the Bournemouth Echo come days after it was revealed that a number of sites in Norfolk have also been affected by such issues
lundi 16 janvier 2012
La sécurité alimentaire reste une priorité pour 2012
La sécurité alimentaire reste une priorité pour 2012
1. Prévention
2. Surveillance
3. Actions correctives
4. Perspectives
Sources :
- The Federal Food Safety Working Group progress report - The White House Whashington - Déc 2011 - http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/fswg_report_final.pdf
- FDA hails 'significant progress' under year-old food safety law - Caroline Scott-Thomas - 09/01/2012 - http://redirectix.bulletins-electroniques.com/UgP0s
- USDA Doles Out $10.4 Million in Food Safety Grants - News Desk - 09/12/2011 - http://redirectix.bulletins-electroniques.com/bjB6s
- FDA, states creating teams for foodborne disease response - Lisa Schnirring and Robert Roos - 15/11/2006 - http://redirectix.bulletins-electroniques.com/rgUkh
Suspected Norovirus Outbreak Hits Students in Canada
According to a report in The Varsity, the University of Toronto's student newspaper, and accounts in other Canadian media, some 50 to 60 out of 360 delegates became ill Saturday night at the Canadian University Press's 74th National Conference.
Norovirus hits journalism conference - (CFJC News)
Many Norovirus outbreaks have been traced to food that was handled by one infected person.
Mac students caught up in B.C. virus outbreak
According to reports, about 60 of the 360 attendees of the Canadian University Press’s annual NASH conference are under voluntary quarantine Sunday. They were ordered back to their rooms after students began to feel ill after Saturday’s dinner. It was said to have spread quickly, with symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, cramping, headaches and muscle aches.
Hartford City Subway Norovirus Outbreak | Food Poisoning Lawyers | Marler Clark
The Blackford County Health Department along with the Indiana Board of Health have linked a Subway restaurant in Hartford City, Indiana to a norovirus outbreak that has sickened at least 90 people, including two hospitalizations. The restaurant closed on January 10, 2012 for cleaning and inspection and has yet to reopen as of January 13.
Vomiting virus hits Bexhill’s Irvine Unit - Bexhill News - Bexhill Observer
Thorough cleaning of hard surfaces with a bleach solution, paying particular attention to the toilet and toilet area and cleaning up vomit and the surrounding area quickly will help to reduce environmental contamination and reduce the risk of infection in others coming into contact with these surfaces later on.
Vomiting bug kept at bay in hospitals (From Worcester News)
Norovirus continues to cause problems at Worcestershire Royal Hospital in Worcester and the Alexandra Hospital in Redditch, leading to ward closures at both hospitals, which are managed by Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust.
Winter vomiting bug sufferers told to stay at home by Epsom and St Helier NHS Trust (From This Is Local London)
The winter vomiting bug is highly contagious and in a bid to stop its spread, Espom, Sutton and St Helier hospitals are advising anyone with the infection to stay at home.
Jimmy Johns Norovirus Outbreak in Valparaiso Indiana | Norovirus Food Poisoning
At least 20 of the victims were emergency responders to a train accident that occurred on Friday, January 6.
Pet dogs—A transmission route for human noroviruses? (and vice-versa) | barfblog
Ninety-two faecal samples of indoor pet dogs were obtained. The main criteria for sample collection were that the dog or humans in the household had suffered from diarrhoea or vomiting. All samples were screened for HuNoV genogroups GI, GII, and GIV by real-time one-step RT-PCR.
How to avoid getting hepatitis on your holiday
What is hepatitis? Hepatitis is a serious liver disease. There are two strains travellers need to worry about: A and B. The former is passed through contaminated food or water while the latter is transmitted through blood, saliva and seminal fluids.
vendredi 13 janvier 2012
Norovirus Behind Outbreak in Indiana
Noroviruses, which cause more than half of all foodborne illness outbreaks, are transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route, and fewer than 100 norovirus particles are said to be needed to cause infection. Transmission occurs either person-to-person or through contamination of food or water. Foodborne norovirus transmission can occur when food is contaminated by an infected food handler.
El virus que vino del frío. larioja.com
Los efectos de tan molesto virus, que mantiene a los afectados castigados en el baño, no dejan de ser banales, ya que desaparecen en 24 o 48 horas y no suelen presentar complicaciones. Se trata, detalló Acitores, de procesos causados por adenovirus y norovirus, entre otros, que son bastante contagiosos
Department defends record on food poisoning - ABC Melbourne - Australian Broadcasting Corporation
The department has been accused of routinely covering up outbreaks and failing to notify people of unhygienic food outlets.
Norovirus NHS Briefing Note
Norovirus is the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is an infection of the gut (intestines) which usually causes vomiting and diarrhoea. The Illness is generally mild and people usually recover fully within 2-3 days; there are no long term effects that result from being infected in otherwise healthy people. Infections can occur at any age because immunity is not long lasting.
Read more at : http://www.warwickshire.gov.uk/Web/corporate/pages.nsf/Links/9AB623F3AC7A52758025738C003701AB/$file/Norovirus-briefing-note.pdf
Sussex Hospitals Ban Admissions to Norovirus Affected Wards | TopNews New Zealand
Also, it has been found that the NHS trust is urging the ones showing symptoms of the virus to remain away from the hospital. Nausea, diarrhea and vomiting are the common symptoms that make the virus easily communicable.
Norovirus outbreak shuts hospital ward | Northland News | Local News in Northland
Outbreaks of the highly infectious sickness plagued Northland hospitals and resthomes last year. The illness had been implicated in the deaths of two elderly patients and, during what was the worst-ever recorded outbreak, over April and May there were a suspected 300-plus cases in Northland resthomes. Small outbreaks were also experienced later in the year at Whangarei Hospital.
FDA Must Improve Monitoring of Food Safety | Patrick Malone & Associates P.C. | DC Injury Lawyers - JDSupra
According to a report by the Department of Health and Human Services, every year 128,000 Americans are hospitalized and 3,000 die from food poisoning. The FDA is responsible for safeguarding the food supply and for inspecting food facilities. A recent study addressed concerns about the rigor of these inspections.
jeudi 12 janvier 2012
Hospital Fountain Linked to Disease Outbreak in Wisconsin - ABC News
An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Wisconsin has been linked to a decorative fountain found in a hospital lobby, according to a new study released Tuesday online in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology.
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ceeram has developed an assay for typing L. pneumophilla by MLVA method.
Request the publication we made in APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 2011, p. 6899–6907
Vol. 77, No. 19 0099-2240/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/AEM.05556-11 Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
High-Throughput Typing Method To Identify a Non-Outbreak-Involved Legionella pneumophila Strain Colonizing the Entire Water Supply System in the Town of Rennes, France
† D. Sobral,1,2,3 P. Le Cann,4 A. Gerard,4 S. Jarraud,5,6,7 B. Lebeau,3 F. Loisy-Hamon,3 G. Vergnaud,1,2,8 and C. Pourcel1,2*
It’s one nasty bug - Norovirus
The norovirus makes its annual rounds in Butte County.
Norovirus is commonly referred to as a “stomach flu,” although it’s technically not a form of influenza, a respiratory illness that will manifest itself as coughing, sneezing, a sore throat and fever. Norovirus, on the other hand, will produce symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, body aches and sometimes fever. The good news is a healthy person will normally get over the virus in a day or two, although that is not to say the illness should be taken lightly.
Breaking News: Mount Pleasant Public Schools closed due to Norovirus outbreak | MLive.com
A possible Norovirus outbreak, which causes stomach flu.
Norovirus Outbreak in UK Hospitals
Many people are aware of the norovirus because of its connection with outbreaks of vomiting and diarrhea on cruise ships.
Unfortunately, cruise ships aren't the only place you can get sick with norovirus. Each year, up to 21 million people in the United States get sick with norovirus, including people in hospitals, nursing homes, restaurants, daycare centers and schools.
mercredi 11 janvier 2012
Vomiting bug circulating
The symptoms of norovirus usually clear up in a couple of days and are generally not serious. However diarrhoea can be serious in babies and the elderly because of the risk of dehydration. If diarrhoea is persistent or there are other symptoms, such as bleeding, you should go to see your GP
UPDATE: six patients on closed Lynn ward have Norovirus - Health - Lynn News
A hospital spokesman said: “Visitors are asked not to come to the hospital if they or members of their immediate family have had any symptoms of diarrhoea or vomiting within the last three days. If you do come to the hospital please observe hand hygiene precautions as directed on the ward or in the clinic you are visiting.”
Norovirus returns with a vengeance to Tunbridge Wells | Tunbridge Wells People
"The virus is easily transmitted either by contact with an infected person, by consuming contaminated food or water or touching contaminated surfaces or objects. Only a few eaten germs are required to cause infection and those who are infected may excrete millions of virus particles in their faeces and in their vomit.
Norovirus control plan defended by bosses at the Royal Bournemouth Hospital (From Bournemouth Echo)
Dr Adrian Dawson, director of public health for Bournemouth and Poole, said: “Norovirus is still in our community and while unpleasant to have, it can have far-reaching repercussions when introduced to environments such as hospitals.
Norovirus outbreak at Whangarei Hospital | NATIONAL News
Norovirus symptoms include vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach pains and feeling like throwing up.
People with symptoms of gastroenteritis are advised to stay away from other people and see their family if the symptoms are severe or the illness does not get better after two days.
mardi 10 janvier 2012
Silliker ouvre un laboratoire de virologie / Qualité - Process Alimentaire, le magazine de l'industrie agroalimentaire
Pour détecter les virus, Silliker s'appuie sur la technologie en RT-PCR de Ceeram. "En fait, la phase d'analyse en RT-PCR est assez classique, ce qui diffère énormément de ce que nous pouvons rencontrer en bactériologie, ce sont toutes les opérations de préparation de l'échantillon qui sont longues et complexes", note Christophe Dufour.
Lire plus : Silliker ouvre un laboratoire de virologie / Qualité - Process Alimentaire, le magazine de l'industrie agroalimentaire
Lire aussi :
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ceeram : www.ceeram.com
10 Good Reasons to Start Virus Testing
• 1 •
In the UE, viral agents were responsible for 11,9% of the foodborne outbreaks reported to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) during 2007.
Source : EFSA
• 2 •
Food Safety Criteria :- EC 2073/2005 - EC 853/2004
Source : EFSA
• 3 •
The standard developed by a working group of expert European laboratories is now well advanced and due for publication in 2012 (Lees and CW, 2010)
Source : EFSA
• 4 •
There are no «safe limits» (threshold for infectivity) for NoV detected by PCR, since molluscs carrying low viral loads have been associated with human outbreaks
Source : EFSA
• 5 •
It is recommended to focus on preventive measures to avoid viral contamination rather than trying to remove/inactivate these viruses from food.
Source : EFSA
• 6 •
Routine harmonized surveillance of NoV, and of virus occurrence in food commodities including molecular typing is recommended to aid source attribution studies. For HEV and HAV, notification and systematic strain typing of viruses in humans and in animals (HEV) and food commodities (HAV) is needed to get a better understanding of sources of virus.
Source : EFSA
• 7 •
Further training of food handlers about hygiene requirements and about specific viral contamination of foods and food- preparation environments is recommended...
Source : EFSA
• 8 •
Food business operators should validate their control options to meet the established virus criteria.
Source : EFSA
• 9 •
The initial contact of the virus with the food may occur at any time during food production, including before the harvest, during processing and at the time of preparation.
Source : EFSA
• 10 •
Therefore, having mechanisms in place to rapidly address the probability and possible consequences... should be a priority.
Source : EFSA
After November Failure, Royal Caribbean Cruise Ship Passes Sanitation Retest - Various
But even if the ship fails again, the only penalty may be the potential bad press garnered by earning another substandard score. As Ames noted previously, "There is no other penalty unless the ship falls into one of the imminent hazard situations where a possible 'no sail' results" -- which can happen at any time. This might be sparked by nonfunctioning refrigeration or wastewater systems, or a continuing gastrointestinal illness or Norovirus outbreak that cannot be controlled -- and the organization can issue a no-sail recommendation (as occurred with Celebrity Mercury in March 2010) or even a no-sail order.
Que faire face à une gastro-entérite ? | LeFigaro.fr - Santé
Le rotavirus frappe essentiellement les petits enfants de 6 semaines à 2 ans et donne souvent des gastro-entérites plus graves, associant diarrhées, vomissement et fièvre, avec un risque important de déshydratation, explique le Pr Pierre Pothier, responsable du Centre national de référence des virus entériques (Dijon). Le norovirus touche préférentiellement les enfants un peu plus âgés et le reste de la population. Ce norovirus subit tous les deux ans des variations, qui peuvent donner lieu à des épidémies sinon plus graves, du moins plus étendues.»
Cardiff Wards Closed for Norovirus Outbreak
Symptoms of the norovirus usually disappear within 24 to 48 hours. If not, Public Health Wales advices to contact the NHS or a personal GP
Norovirus Outbreak At Area Elder Care Facilities
Since norovirus often originates in contaminated food, proper food-handling techniques are also key. Fruits and vegetables should be thoroughly washed and infected individuals should not be involved in food preparation. Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and laundering clothing and bedding can also help prevent norovirus from spreading.
lundi 9 janvier 2012
FoodBorne and waterborne viruses Assays
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Current and Potential Domain of Application |
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www.ceeramTools.com
Norovirus Outbreak on New Orleans Based Norwegian Cruise Line Ship Spirit - Maritime Law Blog
How do noroviruses spread?
The norovirus (winter vomiting bug) enters through the mouth, multiplies in the body, and is passed in the highly infectious stool or vomit of an infected person. Food associated outbreaks have been linked to cold prepared, ready-to-eat foods (e.g., salads, coleslaw, sandwiches or desserts), fresh produce (vegetable, fruits and shellfish) and shellfish harvested in contaminated waters. Outbreaks have also been associated with drinking water and recreational water (e.g., swimming ponds and beaches) where persons may have ingested water contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person. Direct person-to-person contact or environmental contamination (e.g., exposure to areas where fecal accidents or vomiting has occurred) may also be a route of transmission.
Duluth norovirus outbreak linked to ill food-service employee « US Food Safety
How do noroviruses spread?
The norovirus (winter vomiting bug) enters through the mouth, multiplies in the body, and is passed in the highly infectious stool or vomit of an infected person. Food associated outbreaks have been linked to cold prepared, ready-to-eat foods (e.g., salads, coleslaw, sandwiches or desserts), fresh produce (vegetable, fruits and shellfish) and shellfish harvested in contaminated waters. Outbreaks have also been associated with drinking water and recreational water (e.g., swimming ponds and beaches) where persons may have ingested water contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person. Direct person-to-person contact or environmental contamination (e.g., exposure to areas where fecal accidents or vomiting has occurred) may also be a route of transmission.
Norovirus hits hospital wards in Cardiff and Vale of Glamorgan
How do noroviruses spread?
The norovirus (winter vomiting bug) enters through the mouth, multiplies in the body, and is passed in the highly infectious stool or vomit of an infected person. Food associated outbreaks have been linked to cold prepared, ready-to-eat foods (e.g., salads, coleslaw, sandwiches or desserts), fresh produce (vegetable, fruits and shellfish) and shellfish harvested in contaminated waters. Outbreaks have also been associated with drinking water and recreational water (e.g., swimming ponds and beaches) where persons may have ingested water contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person. Direct person-to-person contact or environmental contamination (e.g., exposure to areas where fecal accidents or vomiting has occurred) may also be a route of transmission.
Wintertime vomiting disease strikes Seattle | KPLU News for Seattle and the Northwest
How do noroviruses spread?
The norovirus (winter vomiting bug) enters through the mouth, multiplies in the body, and is passed in the highly infectious stool or vomit of an infected person. Food associated outbreaks have been linked to cold prepared, ready-to-eat foods (e.g., salads, coleslaw, sandwiches or desserts), fresh produce (vegetable, fruits and shellfish) and shellfish harvested in contaminated waters. Outbreaks have also been associated with drinking water and recreational water (e.g., swimming ponds and beaches) where persons may have ingested water contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person. Direct person-to-person contact or environmental contamination (e.g., exposure to areas where fecal accidents or vomiting has occurred) may also be a route of transmission.
Hospital bosses' infection warning (From Chelmsford Weekly News)
How do noroviruses spread?
The norovirus (winter vomiting bug) enters through the mouth, multiplies in the body, and is passed in the highly infectious stool or vomit of an infected person. Food associated outbreaks have been linked to cold prepared, ready-to-eat foods (e.g., salads, coleslaw, sandwiches or desserts), fresh produce (vegetable, fruits and shellfish) and shellfish harvested in contaminated waters. Outbreaks have also been associated with drinking water and recreational water (e.g., swimming ponds and beaches) where persons may have ingested water contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person. Direct person-to-person contact or environmental contamination (e.g., exposure to areas where fecal accidents or vomiting has occurred) may also be a route of transmission.
Food safety month launched as Tet looms - Social Issues - VietNam News
How do noroviruses spread?
The norovirus (winter vomiting bug) enters through the mouth, multiplies in the body, and is passed in the highly infectious stool or vomit of an infected person. Food associated outbreaks have been linked to cold prepared, ready-to-eat foods (e.g., salads, coleslaw, sandwiches or desserts), fresh produce (vegetable, fruits and shellfish) and shellfish harvested in contaminated waters. Outbreaks have also been associated with drinking water and recreational water (e.g., swimming ponds and beaches) where persons may have ingested water contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person. Direct person-to-person contact or environmental contamination (e.g., exposure to areas where fecal accidents or vomiting has occurred) may also be a route of transmission.
How To Outsmart The Stealthy Stomach Bug | CommonHealth
According to the CDC, norovirus causes over 20 million cases of viral gastroenteritis every year. About a quarter of those cases come from contact with contaminated food (often due to insufficient hand washing before preparing food). With nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea as the most popular symptoms, 1 in 15 Americans will be spending far more time in the bathroom than they’d like.
How do noroviruses spread?
The norovirus (winter vomiting bug) enters through the mouth, multiplies in the body, and is passed in the highly infectious stool or vomit of an infected person. Food associated outbreaks have been linked to cold prepared, ready-to-eat foods (e.g., salads, coleslaw, sandwiches or desserts), fresh produce (vegetable, fruits and shellfish) and shellfish harvested in contaminated waters. Outbreaks have also been associated with drinking water and recreational water (e.g., swimming ponds and beaches) where persons may have ingested water contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person. Direct person-to-person contact or environmental contamination (e.g., exposure to areas where fecal accidents or vomiting has occurred) may also be a route of transmission.
Winter Vomit Bug Hits The Northstate - News Story - KRCR Redding
How do noroviruses spread?
The norovirus (winter vomiting bug) enters through the mouth, multiplies in the body, and is passed in the highly infectious stool or vomit of an infected person. Food associated outbreaks have been linked to cold prepared, ready-to-eat foods (e.g., salads, coleslaw, sandwiches or desserts), fresh produce (vegetable, fruits and shellfish) and shellfish harvested in contaminated waters. Outbreaks have also been associated with drinking water and recreational water (e.g., swimming ponds and beaches) where persons may have ingested water contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person. Direct person-to-person contact or environmental contamination (e.g., exposure to areas where fecal accidents or vomiting has occurred) may also be a route of transmission.
BBC News - Southampton General Hospital: Further ward closures
How do noroviruses spread?
The norovirus (winter vomiting bug) enters through the mouth, multiplies in the body, and is passed in the highly infectious stool or vomit of an infected person. Food associated outbreaks have been linked to cold prepared, ready-to-eat foods (e.g., salads, coleslaw, sandwiches or desserts), fresh produce (vegetable, fruits and shellfish) and shellfish harvested in contaminated waters. Outbreaks have also been associated with drinking water and recreational water (e.g., swimming ponds and beaches) where persons may have ingested water contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person. Direct person-to-person contact or environmental contamination (e.g., exposure to areas where fecal accidents or vomiting has occurred) may also be a route of transmission.
Butte County issues warning about the 'winter vomiting bug' - Chico Enterprise Record
How do noroviruses spread?
The norovirus (winter vomiting bug) enters through the mouth, multiplies in the body, and is passed in the highly infectious stool or vomit of an infected person. Food associated outbreaks have been linked to cold prepared, ready-to-eat foods (e.g., salads, coleslaw, sandwiches or desserts), fresh produce (vegetable, fruits and shellfish) and shellfish harvested in contaminated waters. Outbreaks have also been associated with drinking water and recreational water (e.g., swimming ponds and beaches) where persons may have ingested water contaminated with fecal matter from an infected person. Direct person-to-person contact or environmental contamination (e.g., exposure to areas where fecal accidents or vomiting has occurred) may also be a route of transmission.



